Knowledge Base
Knowledge Base
| Standard Shapes & Dimensions | ||
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| Arch Bricks | End Arch | Side Arch |
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| Standard | Key | Side Feather |
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| Arch | Side Skew | End Feather |
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| Split | End Skew | Wedge |
| A | B | C | D | A | B | C | D | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9" | x | 4½" | x | 3" | 2¾" | 230 | x | 115 | x | 75mm | 70mm | |
| 9" | x | 4½" | x | 3" | 2½" | 230 | x | 115 | x | 75mm | 65mm | |
| 9" | x | 4½" | x | 3" | 2½" | 230 | x | 115 | x | 75mm | 50mm | |
| 9" | x | 4½" | x | 3" | 2" | 230 | x | 115 | x | 75mm | 55mm | |
| 9" | x | 4½" | x | 3" | 1¾" | 230 | x | 115 | x | 75mm | 45mm | |
| 9" | x | 4½" | x | 3" | 1¼" | 230 | x | 115 | x | 75mm | 40mm | |
| 9" | x | 4½" | x | 3" | 1¼" | 230 | x | 115 | x | 75mm | 30mm | |
| 9" | x | 4½" | x | 3" | 1 | 230 | x | 115 | x | 75mm | 25mm | |
| 9" | x | 4½" | x | 3" | ¼" | 230 | x | 115 | x | 75mm | 6mm |
| Number of Bricks Required per Sq.Ft. of Wall | ||
|---|---|---|
| a cubic meter of brickwork requires | 513 nos | 230 x 115 x 75 mm Straights |
| a cubic foot of brickwork requires | 14.2 nos | 9" x 4.5" x 3" Straights |
| the volume of 1000 nos. standard closely stacked is approximately | 1.95 cu.mt. | 230 x 115 x 75 mm Straights |
| the volume of 1000 nos. standard closely stacked | 71 cu.ft. | 9" x 4.5" x 3" Straights |
| Some Useful Formulas | ||
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| Rectangle | Acute-Angle Triangle | Regular Polygon |
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| Circle | Sectore Of Circle | Parallelogram |
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| Obtuse-Angled Triangle | Trapezium | Annular Ring |
| Furnace Temperature | ||
|---|---|---|
| Kind Of Furnace | Degrees C | Degrees F |
| Boilers | 1000 to 1600 | 1800 to 2900 |
| By-Product Coke Ovens | 1000 to 1500 | 1830 to 2730 |
| Cement Kilns, hot Zone | 1300 to 1600 | 2400 to 2900 |
| Copper Converters | 1200 to 1300 | 2200 to 2400 |
| Copper Refining Furnaces | 1250 to 1550 | 2300 to 2800 |
| Copper Reverberatories | 1300 to 1570 | 2400 to 2850 |
| Gas Producer | 1260 to 1370 | 2300 to 2500 |
| Glass Annealing Furnaces | 0430 to 0450 | 0800 to 1000 |
| Glass Tanks, bottle | 1370 to 1600 | 2500 to 2900 |
| Glass Tanks, plate | 1370 to 1650 | 2500 to 3000 |
| Iron and Steel Furnaces | .... | .... |
| Annealing Oven | 0760 to 0980 | 1400 to 1800 |
| Blast Furnace, tapping | 1370 to 1540 | 2500 to 2800 |
| Bessemer Converter | 1540 to 1650 | 2800 to 3000 |
| Electric Furnaces | 1450 to 1700 | 2650 to 3100 |
| Heating Furnaces | 0980 to 1310 | 1800 to 2400 |
| Malleable Furnaces | 1300 to 1650 | 2400 to 3000 |
| Open Hearths | .... | .... |
| Melting Chamber | 0650 to 1680 | 1200 to 3050 |
| Checkers | 0200 to 1430 | 0400 to 2600 |
| Soaking Pits | 1150 to 1370 | 2100 to 2500 |
| Color Scale for Temperature | ||
|---|---|---|
| Lowest visible red | 475 | 885 |
| Lowest visible red to dark red | 475 to 650 | 885 to 1200 |
| Dark red to cherry red | 650 to 750 | 1200 to 1380 |
| Cherry red to bright cherry red | 750 to 815 | 1380 to 1500 |
| Bright cherry red to Orange | 815 to 900 | 1500 to 1650 |
| Orange to yellow | 900 to 1090 | 1650 to 2000 |
| Yellow to light yellow | 1090 to 1315 | 2000 to 2400 |
| Light yellow to white | 1315 to 1540 | 2400 to 2800 |
| White to Dazzling white | 1540 to Over | 2800 to Over |
Definition : Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (P.C.E.) - In the case of refractories, the number of that standard cone whose tip would touch the supporting plaque
simultaneously with a cone of the material being investigated when tested in accordance with the Standard Method of test for P.C.E. of
Fireclay Bricks IS: 1528 Part-I 1980 of the Indian Standard Institute.
Note: The terms fusion point, Softening point, deformation point and melting point have heretofore been lossely used
for pyrometric cone equivalent.
| Temperature Endpoints of Pyrometric Cones | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Large Cones | P.C.E Cones | ||||
| Orton Cone | "C | "F | Orton Cone | "C | "F |
| 022 | 585 | 1085 | 11 | 1294 | 2361 |
| 021 | 602 | 1116 | 12 | 1306 | 2383 |
| 020 | 625 | 1157 | 13 | 1349 | 2460 |
| 019 | 668 | 1234 | 14 | 1398 | 2548 |
| 018 | 696 | 1285 | 15 | 1430 | 2606 |
| 017 | 727 | 1341 | 16 | 1491 | 2716 |
| 016 | 767 | 1407 | 17 | 1512 | 2754 |
| 015 | 790 | 1454 | 18 | 1522 | 2772 |
| 014 | 834 | 1533 | 19 | 1541 | 2806 |
| 013 | 869 | 1596 | 20 | 1564 | 2847 |
| 012 | 866 | 1591 | 23 | 1605 | 2921 |
| 011 | 886 | 1627 | 26 | 1621 | 2950 |
| 010 | 887 | 1629 | 27 | 1640 | 2984 |
| 09 | 915 | 1679 | 29 | 1659 | 3018 |
| 08 | 945 | 1733 | 31 | 1683 | 3061 |
| 07 | 973 | 1783 | 31 | 1699 | 3090 |
| 06 05 04 03 |
991 1031 1050 1086 |
1816 1888 1922 1987 |
32 32 33 34 |
1717 1724 1743 1763 |
3123 3135 3169 3205 |
| 02 01 1 2 |
1101 1117 1136 1142 |
2014 2043 2077 2088 |
35 36 37 38 |
1785 1804 1820 1820 |
3245 3279 3308 3362 |
| 3 4 5 6 |
1152 1168 1177 1201 |
2106 2134 2151 2194 |
39 40 41 42 |
1865 1885 1970 2015 |
3389 3425 3525 3659 |
| 7 8 9 10 |
1215 1236 1260 1285 |
2219 2257 2300 2345 |
..... | ..... | ..... |
*Note: Pyrometric cones do not give an accurate measurement of temperature. Where it is desired to interpret P.C.E. values approximately in terms of temperature, The table above may be used. This table had been approved by the A.S.M.T. based on the work of Fairchild and peters, J. Amer. Cer. Soc. 9, 701-43, 1926. Revision in the A.S.M.T. cones 12 to 37 inclusive were adopted in June, 1955, A.S.M.T. Standards 1955, 711.715 Heating rate: Cones 022 to 37 inclusive, 150ºCent. Per hour (270ºF per hour); Cones 38, 100º Cent. Per hour (180ºF per hours). The temperatures do not apply to the slower of heating common in the commercial firing and to use of refractory materials. This chart as been adopted by bureau of Indian Standards.
| Cooperative Chart showing Cones Nos. and Temperature for segar & Orton Cones | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cone No. | Segar(º) | Orton (º) | Cone No. (º) | Segar (º) | Orton (º) |
| 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 23 26 27 27½ 28 29 30 |
1395 1410 1440 1470 1500 1520 1540 1560 - 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 |
1349 1398 1430 1491 1512 1522 1541 1564 1605 1621 1640 - 1646 1659 1665 |
31 31º½ 32 32½ 33 33½ 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 |
1700 - 1710 1720 1730 1740 1760 1780 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900 1940 1980 |
1683 1699 1717 1724 1743 - 1763 1785 1804 1820 1835 1865 1885 1970 2015 |
| Conversion Table Cold Crushing Strength | |||||
| Kg/cm2 KB/IN2 Kg/cm2 KB/IN2 |
100 1,422 - - |
200 2,844 600 8,532 |
300 4,266 700 9,954 |
400 5,688 800 11,376 |
500 7,110 900 12,798 |
| Calorie | |||||
| 1,000 K.Cal 1,000 BTU |
1,500 5,952 |
1,000 3,968 |
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| Thermal Conductivity | |||||
| K. Cal /m/hr/ºC B.T.U./in/hr./ºF |
- 4,032 |
0.5 8,064 |
1 24,194 |
3 - |
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| Density | |||||
| g/cm3 ib/ft3 ib/in3 g/cm3 ib/ft3 ib/in3 |
1.9 119 0.06865 - - - |
2.1 131 0.07587 2.9 181 0.10478 |
2.5 144 0.0831 3.1 194 0.11200 |
2.5 156 0.09033 3.3 206 0.11923 |
2.7 169 0.09755 3.5 219 0.12646 |
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